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| | Verbs in Setswana (and most Bantu languages) are almost always accompanied by a subject marker (except in the imperative/command form). | | Verbs in Setswana (and most Bantu languages) are almost always accompanied by a subject marker (except in the imperative/command form). |
| | | | |
| − | ===Basic Subject Markers===
| + | [[verbs - present tense]] |
| − | We have already seen the subject markers
| + | |
| − | {| style="color:green;background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| + | |
| − | | ke || me (1st person)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | o || you (2nd person)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | o* || he/she (3rd person)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | re || us
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | le** || you (plural)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | ba || them
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | .*in the negative, this becomes "a"
| + | |
| − | .**in some dialects, marker "lo" is used instead of "le"
| + | |
| − | These are the subject markers for people, there are many other markers for nouns which belong to other classes - see later in [[noun classes]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Present Tense (Short Form)===
| + | |
| − | In this form, the present tense is simply made by adding the subject marker and the verb. However, this can only be used when there is a word following the verb (otherwise you use the "long form" see below)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | {| style="color:green;background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| + | |
| − | | ke bidiwa Paul || I am called Paul
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | o bidiwa Ntathi || she is called Ntathi (or you are called Ntathi)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | monna o ja apole || the man (he) is eating an apple
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | re ithutha Setswana || we are learning Setswana
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Present Tense (long form)===
| + | |
| − | If there are no words following the verb, then an extra "a" marker must be added before the verb (called the "long form marker")
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | {| style="color:green;background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| + | |
| − | | re a ithuta || we are learning
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | basadi ba a ja || the women (they) are eating
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | ke a kwala || I am writing
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Present Tense (negative)===
| + | |
| − | To form the negative, the negative article "ga" comes before the subject marker, and the end of the verb changes from "a" to "e". The long form marker "a" disappears.
| + | |
| − | {| style="color:green;background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| + | |
| − | | monna o ja apole || monna ga a je apole* || the man (he) is not eating an apple
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | re ithutha Setswana || ga re ithuthe Setswana || we are not learning Setswana
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | re a ithuta || ga re ithute || we are not learning
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | basadi ba a ja || basadi ga ba je || the women (they) are not eating
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | ke a kwala || ga ke kwale || I am not writing
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | .* Note "o" subject marker changes to "a" in negative form
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Verb "to be"===
| + | |
| − | There is no direct equivalent of the verb "to be" in Setswana. The marker "ke" is used to express identity, but in other situations the normal subject marker is used.
| + | |
| − | {| style="color:green;background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| + | |
| − | | Jane ke moruti || Jane is a teacher
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Jane o montle || Jane is beautiful
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | This will become clearer with use
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Negative of verb "to be"===
| + | |
| − | The marker "se" is used as the negative of "ke"
| + | |
| − | {| style="color:green;background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| + | |
| − | | Jane ga se moruti || Jane is not a teacher
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Jane ga o montle || Jane is not beautiful
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Verb "to have"===
| + | |
| − | The words "na le" are used for possession, and also for association (think of it as being "to be with")
| + | |
| − | {| style="color:green;background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| + | |
| − | | ke na le koloi || I have a car
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Jane o na le bana || Jane has children
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Mary o na le Pitso || Mary is with Pitso
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Go na le batho mo ofising || There are people in the office (literally "to be with people in the office")
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | "Go" is the subject marker for infinitives (see later in [[noun classes]])
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Negative of "to have"===
| + | |
| − | In the negative form as well as adding the negative article "ga", the "le" dissapears
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | {| style="color:green;background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| + | |
| − | | ke na le koloi || ga ke na koloi || I don't have a car
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Jane o na le bana || Jane ga a na bana || Jane hasn't any children
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Mary o na le Pitso || Mary ga a na Pitso || Mary isn't with Pitso
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Go na le batho mo ofising || Ga go na batho mo ofising || There aren't any people in the office
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ===Vocabulary - Verbs ===
| + | |
| − | {| style="color:black;background-color:#ffcc99;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| + | |
| − | | NOTEDITED || dumelang || Hello/Good Morning/Afternoon
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | tsoga || tsogile || wake/woke up
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | tlhola || tlhotse || spend/spent the day
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | robala || robetse || sleep/slept
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | sala || - || stay
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
Verbs in Setswana (and most Bantu languages) are almost always accompanied by a subject marker (except in the imperative/command form).
